He lost weight effortlessly impotence merriam webster order genuine sildenafil, had his epiphany and turned a fledgling Manhattan cardiology practice into a thriving obesity clinic erectile dysfunction doctor in delhi quality sildenafil 50mg. He then alienated the entire medical community by telling his readers to eat as much fat and protein as they wanted neurogenic erectile dysfunction causes 100mg sildenafil, as long as they ate little to no carbohydrates erectile dysfunction drugs and melanoma purchase sildenafil 100mg free shipping. Atkins also noted that starches and sugar were harmful in any event because they raised triglyceride levels and that this was a greater risk factor for heart disease than cholesterol erectile dysfunction treatment doctors in bangalore discount 25 mg sildenafil amex. After insisting Atkins was a quack for three decades erectile dysfunction venous leak sildenafil 50 mg, obesity experts are now finding it difficult to ignore the copious anecdotal evidence that his diet does just what he has claimed erectile dysfunction pills in south africa generic sildenafil 75mg. That best pills for erectile dysfunction yahoo discount sildenafil online, however, raised the question of why such a low-calorie regimen would also suppress hunger, which Atkins insisted was the signature characteristic of the diet. One possibility was Endocrinology 101: that fat and protein make you sated and, lacking carbohydrates and the ensuing swings of blood sugar and insulin, you stay sated. Your muscles and tissues burn body fat for energy, as does your brain in the form of fat molecules produced by the liver called ketones. He also liked to say that ketosis was so energizing that it was better than sex, which set him up for some ridicule. When I interviewed ketosis experts, however, they universally sided with Atkins, and suggested that maybe the medical community and the media confuse ketosis with ketoacidosis, a variant of ketosis that occurs in untreated diabetics and can be fatal. We may have evolved to efficiently store fat for times of famine, says Veech, but we also evolved ketosis to efficiently live off that fat when necessary. Rather than being poison, which is how the press often refers to ketones, they make the body run more efficiently and provide a backup fuel source for the brain. Veech calls ketones 'magic' and has shown that both the heart and brain run 25 percent more efficiently on ketones than on blood sugar. The bottom line is that for the better part of 30 years Atkins insisted his diet worked and was safe, Americans apparently tried it by the tens of millions, while nutritionists, physicians, public health authorities and anyone concerned with heart disease insisted it could kill them, and expressed little or no desire to find out who was right. Blackburn, who later became president of the American Society of Clinical Nutrition, describes his regime as 'an Atkins diet without excess fat' and says he had to give it a fancy name or nobody would take him seriously. The second trial, published in September 1980, was done at the George Washington University Medical Center. The researchers, led by John LaRosa, now president of the State University of New York Downstate Medical Center in Brooklyn, concluded that the 17-pound weight loss in eight weeks would likely have happened with any diet under 'the novelty of trying something under experimental conditions' and never pursued it further. Others say they were frustrated with their inability to help their obese patients, looked into the low-carb diets and decided that Endocrinology 101 was compelling. Louis, and Jim Hill, who runs the University of Colorado Center for Human Nutrition in Denver. Subjects on some form of the Atkins diet - whether overweight adolescents on the diet for 12 weeks as at Schneider, or obese adults averaging 295 pounds on the diet for six months, as at the Philadelphia V. In all five studies, cholesterol levels improved similarly with both diets, but triglyceride levels were considerably lower with the Atkins diet. Though researchers are hesitant to agree with this, it does suggest that heart-disease risk could actually be reduced when fat is added back into the diet and starches and refined carbohydrates are removed. Should these clinical trials also find for Atkins and his high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet, then the public-health authorities may indeed have a problem on their hands. Once they took their leap of faith and settled on the low-fat dietary dogma 25 years ago, they left little room for contradictory evidence or a change of opinion, should such a change be query. Klein is president-elect of the North American Association for the Study of Obesity, which suggests that he is a highly respected member of his community. And yet, he described his recent experience discussing the Atkins diet at medical conferences as a learning experience. In the course of my research, I have spent my mornings at my local diner, staring down at a plate of scrambled eggs and sausage, convinced that somehow, some way, they must be working to clog my arteries and do me in. After 20 years steeped in a low-fat paradigm, I find it hard to see the nutritional world any other way. I have learned that low-fat diets fail in clinical trials and in real life, and they certainly have failed in my life. I have read the papers suggesting that 20 years of low-fat recommendations have not managed to lower the incidence of heart disease in this country, and may have led instead to the steep increase in obesity and Type 2 diabetes. I have interviewed researchers whose computer models have calculated that cutting back on the saturated fats in my diet to the levels recommended by the American Heart Association would not add more than a few months to my life, if that. I have even lost considerable weight with relative ease by giving up carbohydrates on my test diet, and yet I can look down at my eggs and sausage and still imagine the imminent onset of heart disease and obesity, the latter assuredly to be caused by some bizarre rebound phenomena the likes of which science has not yet begun to describe. The fact that Atkins himself has had heart trouble recently does not ease my anxiety, despite his assurance that it is not diet-related. This is the state of mind I imagine that mainstream nutritionists, researchers and physicians must inevitably take to the fat-versus-carbohydrate controversy. Although this kind of conversion may be happening at the moment to John Farquhar, who is a professor of health research and policy at Stanford University and has worked in this field for more than 40 years. When I interviewed Farquhar in April, he explained why low-fat diets might lead to weight gain and low-carbohydrate diets might lead to weight loss, but he made me promise not to say he believed they did. He attributed the cause of the obesity epidemic to the 'force-feeding of a nation. This survey and those conducted in the three subsequent Rounds (the th th 11 to the 13, 1956-58) were all exploratory in nature. The aim of these surveys was to evolve an appropriate data collection method to obtain a morbidity profile of India. These th surveys were followed up by a pilot survey in the 17 Round (September 1961 July 1962) to examine alternative approaches of morbidity reporting. With the aid of the findings of these exploratory surveys, a full-scale survey on morbidity was conducted in th the 28 Round (October 1973 June 1974). Moreover, information on childbirth was started collecting in details and was analysed in detail, for the first time. In addition, initiative is also made to collect detailed information on status of immunisation of children (age 0-5 years). Some issues related to hygiene to encompass some features of ‗Swachh Bharat Mission‘ is also included. Thus, a group of persons normally living together and taking food from a common kitchen constitutes a household. It includes temporary stay-aways (those whose total period of absence from the household is expected to be less than 6 months) but excludes temporary visitors and guests (expected total period of stay less than 6 months). This list includes the female member for whom the major share of expenditure on childbirth is borne by the household. The child born to these members, however, will not be recorded as a member of this household. However, childbirths will, as usual, not to be considered in generating estimates of prevalence rate of ailments. Item 8 will be the name of the informant from whom the bulk of information is collected. If the sample household has been selected from hg/sb number 1, code 1 will be recorded against item 4. This row will first be located, using the house number, name of head of household, etc. Now, if the sample household has been given a tick mark in column 10 of Block 5B, Sch. The informant is the person who provides the major part of the information for filling the schedule. His or her serial number will be copied from column 1 of Block 4 of this schedule. The entry will indicate the type of informant, in respect of co-cooperativeness and capability in providing the required information. Code 1 will be recorded if the originally selected sample household has been surveyed, and code 2 otherwise. If neither the originally selected household nor the substituted household can be surveyed i. Besides, person codes of field officials are to be recorded against item 1(ii) (for Central sample only). If the schedule is required to be canvassed for more than one day, the first day of survey is to be recorded against the item 2(i). The total time (in minutes) taken for the survey (item 4) should include actual time taken for canvassing the schedule only, and should not include journey time or any time lost due to unavoidable interruptions. Where no reference to any specific period is made in the instructions, the reference period will be ―as on the date of survey‖. This number will be the same as the last serial number recorded in column 1 of Block 4 section A. This list includes married daughter(s), married grand-daughter(s), married sister/sister-in law(s), or any other related or non-related females. The cell for entry against item 3 has been split for recording each digit separately. The procedure for determination of principal industry has been described in Chapter One, paragraph 1. The procedure for determination of principal occupation has been described in Chapter One, paragraph 1. If the income is from non-economic source, ‗-‘ should be recorded for items 3 and 4. For rural households, the household type codes are: self-employed in agriculture 1 self-employed in non-agriculture 2 regular wage/salary earning in agriculture 3 regular wage/salary earning in non-agriculture 4 casual labour in agriculture 5 casual labour in non-agriculture 6 others 9 For urban areas, the household type codes are: self-employed 1, regular wage/salary earning 2, casual labour 3, others – 9 4. If different members of the household belong to different religions, the religion of the head of the household will be considered as the religion of the household. In case different members belong to different social groups, the group to which the head of the household belongs will be considered as the social group of the household. The basic types of latrines are wet and dry, differentiated depending on use of water to divert human excreta. In a wet latrine, water is used to divert human excreta and in dry latrines use very limited or no water for flushing human excreta. Besides these two basic types of latrines, there are latrines like incinerating latrines which burn the human excreta, chemical latrines which are used in a variety of situations like in passenger trains and airplanes, hanging latrines which deposit waste directly into open waterways, bucket latrine in which human excreta are collected in a bucket placed underneath a latrine hole. In the code structure the category ‗others‘ includes latrines like incinerating latrines, chemical latrines, hanging latrines, bucket latrine, etc. Apart from these composting latrines and dry latrines are other types of latrines. Code 10 will be recorded for the households which do not have any latrine facility or uses open space or field for defecation. A pour flush latrine uses a water seal, but unlike a flush latrine, it uses water poured by hand for flushing (no cistern is used). Depending on the system/site where human excreta and wastewater are disposed off, flush/ pour-flush latrine can be of the following types: (i) piped sewer system (ii) septic tank (iii) pit latrine (iv) elsewhere (open drain, open pit, open field, etc. Sewerage systems consist of facilities for collection, pumping, treating and disposing of human excreta and wastewater. If the flush/ pour-flush latrine used by the household is connected to piped sewer system, code ‗01‘ will be recorded. If the flush/ pour-flush latrine used by the household is connected to septic tank, code ‗02‘ will be recorded. If the flush/ pour-flush latrine used by the household is connected to a hole in the ground or leaching pit which is covered, code ‗03‘ will be recorded. It can be of the following types (i) ventilated improved pit/ biogas (ii) pit latrine with slab (iii) pit latrine without slab/open pit. The open end of the vent pipe is covered with gauze mesh or fly-proof netting and the inside of the superstructure is kept dark. If the household uses ventilated improved pit latrine, code ‗05‘ will be recorded. Examples of such latrines are (i) hanging latrine which is built over the sea, a river, or other body of water, into which excreta drops directly (ii) service latrine which are serviced by scavengers. Access to latrine is defined in terms of the latrine that can be used by the majority of the household members, Instructions to Field Staff, Vol. If the latrine facility is shared by the household with one or more households in the building, code 2 will be recorded. If the latrine facility is for use of the households in the locality, or is for a specific section of the people with/without payment, it will be considered as public/community latrine. If the household has access to latrine for which any of the codes 1 to 3 is not applicable, code 9 will be recorded. For example, when the households residing in two separate buildings, use the same latrine, code 9 will be recorded. Generally this packaged drinking water meets certain safety standards and are considered safe for drinking. Code ‗01‘ will be recorded if the household uses bottled water as their principal source of drinking water. Code ‗02‘ will not be recorded if the arrangement to carry drinking water through pipes from sources like well, tank, river etc. Water obtained from such a source will not be treated as tap water, and the household will get the code appropriate to the actual source from which water is brought through pipes. Code ‗06‘ will be recorded if drinking water is supplied through tankers engaged by the municipality or other organisations. Osmosis is the process by which water passes through a semi-permeable membrane from a dilute solution to a more concentrated solution without any input of energy. This is emerging as an important solution for drinking water treatment in rural Gujarat, Tamil Nadu. Small sized plants with capacity < 20 lph are used by individual families whereas medium to large sized plants (>100 lph) are being used for public consumption. Local assemblers of treatment plants located in small towns have played a major role in this boom. Some of the plants are by choice restricted to one society or community, whereas others are open access giving rise to several offshoot water suppliers serving surrounding villages. In this item information will be collected regarding the agency that carries away the garbage of households to a final dumping place. In some places, the public bodies collect the garbage from the premises of the household or from some fixed points in the locality where the residents put their garbage; in others, residents themselves/group of residents make the arrangement of carrying the garbage to the final Instructions to Field Staff, Vol. In the first situation, code 1 will be recorded and code 2 will be recorded in the second situation. If more than one type of energy is utilised, the principal source will be identified on the basis of its use. For working/operational definition of communicable diseases and identifying whether this can be treated as ‗sudden outbreak‘, (please refer to page A-21-A-23 and Table 4. This may be noted that both epidemics and pandemics are to be treated as outbreaks. Disease Working/Operational Definition No 1 Acute Diarrheal Diarrhoea: Passage of 3 or more loose watery stools in the past 24 Disease/Dysentery/ hours. Cholera: Passage of stools like Rice water, Cold feet, low blood pressure 2 Viral Acute illness typically including: Hepatitis/Jaundice Acute jaundice (Yellowish discoloration of eyes/tongue/nails/palms), Dark yellow urine, Reduced food intake, Severe weakness, Pain in the right side of upper abdomen 3 Malaria A case of fever which may be accompanied with any of the following Headache, Backache, Chills/cold, shivering, sweating, Muscle pain, Nausea and vomiting Convulsions/fits, coma 4 Dengue Fever An acute febrile illness of 2-7 days duration with two or more of the following manifestations: Headache, Pain behind eyeballs Muscle pain Joint pain Rash, Bleeding from nose/mouth/under skin 5 Chikungunya An acute illness characterised by sudden onset of fever with any of the following symptoms Headache, Backache, Eyes becomes sensitive to light, Severe pain in joints Rash 6 Measles A person having Fever, Maculopapular rash with cough or running nose or conjunctivitis/redness of eyes 7 Acute Encephalitis A person of any age, with the acute onset of fever and a change syndrome/Japanese in mental status (symptoms such as confusion, unable to encephalitis recognize place/person/time, or inability to talk or coma) 4. The premium may be paid by the household members or by non household members; in the latter case, the approximate amount paid may be recorded if the exact amount is not known. If so, the approximate monthly value of the amount usually consumed in a month will be imputed. Unusual expenditures, such as expenditure on social ceremonies, capitation fees, hospitalization, tours, etc. The general criterion for inclusion of some expenditure in ‗A‘ is whether it is incurred with a monthly regularity. For hostel students, such expenses are often paid semester-wise, or quarterly or annually. But if they are incurred semester-wise, or quarterly or annually, the average expenditure per month is to be calculated and included in ‗B‘. This is because rent and tuition fees regularly paid by a household H for a member of another household (usually a hostel student) are covered by the Use Approach. That is, if tuition fees are not paid monthly and therefore not reported in ‗A‘, the monthly average over a year will be included in ‗B‘. In part A (Block 4A) all usual members will be listed and in Part B (Block 4B) non-household female members who had undergone childbirth during the last 365 days and the major share of the expenses of the childbirth was borne by this selected household will be listed. After the sons are enumerated, the daughters will be listed followed by other relations, dependants, servants, etc. Box 2: th In the 75 round, a non-household woman member who had undergone childbirth during the last 365 days will be considered as a special member of the household if the major share of the expenses of the childbirth was borne by the household, irrespective of the place of residence of the woman during the last 365 days. To distinguish such members from usual members (with continuous serial numbers starting from1) they will be given special serial number starting from 81, 82 etc. Hijras, Eunuchs or transgender are to be treated as ―transgender‖ and in such cases code 3 will be recorded. The codes are: never married 1, currently married 2, widowed 3, divorced/separated 4 Couples living together will be treated as currently married. Box 3: the general educational level of a person who has studied up to , say, first year B. Those who acquired this skill without attending any schooling of any kind will be assigned code 02. Persons who are literate through means other than formal schooling not under the above two categories will be given code 05. Those who are by definition literate through formal schooling but are yet to pass primary standard examination will be given code 06. Similarly, codes 07, 08 and codes 10-16 will be assigned to those who have passed the appropriate levels. Code 13 will be assigned to those who have completed diploma or certificate course in general or technical education, which is equivalent to higher secondary level.
If we are now lost (and starving) in the inedible forest erectile dysfunction 32 years old 25mg sildenafil with visa, maybe it’s because our moral map was wrong impotence 19 year old purchase sildenafil 100 mg mastercard. To say there is a “freely given food” implies there is a giver—the tree erectile dysfunction treatment michigan buy 25 mg sildenafil with mastercard, the cane erectile dysfunction treatment new drugs purchase sildenafil 75 mg fast delivery, the stalk of wheat erectile dysfunction medication nz order sildenafil mastercard. To believe in food that requires “No killing or theft from animal or plant”7 is to recognize that plants and animals love their lives what if erectile dysfunction drugs don't work discount 25 mg sildenafil visa, and their body parts erectile dysfunction drugs cialis generic sildenafil 50mg fast delivery, whether fbrous or muscular erectile dysfunction shake ingredients 50 mg sildenafil overnight delivery. If killing is the problem, the life of one grass-fed cow will feed me for an entire year. But a single vegan meal of plant babies—rice grains, almonds, soybeans—ground up or boiled alive, will involve hundreds of deaths. What I meant was: I won’t eat anything that was nurtured by its mother, which meant, es sentially, birds and mammals, though I didn’t eat seafood either. Tat means they can’t be around to nurture them, but does that mean they love their ofspring any less? And suppose your mother didn’t love you: does that mean your life is intrinsically worth less? What it actually defnes is who is most like humans, who more diferent: do they look like us? Tere’s that anthropocentrism again, an ethical system based on how similar a living being is to humans. We eat its sweetness and, despite dis ingenuous claims to the contrary, kill the seeds. One could argue that in an earlier age, humans acted as unwitting cultivators, seed-bearers, spitting or shitting out the bitter pits, some of which would take root. Perhaps if the asphalt was removed and the earth restored, the underlying reciproc ity of the human-apple relationship would naturally reassert itself. And in the vegetarian moral universe, all seeds—nuts, grains—are seen as freely given. I remember my reasoning: annual grasses died anyway at harvest time, so I wasn’t really killing. In fact, they want to live so much that even after thousands of dormant years, some of them will sprout. I know from experience that the issue of plants and their sen tience is thrown at vegetarians by detractors all the time. The idea of respecting plants is just as ridiculous to them as the idea of respecting animals. I can go to the local feed store and buy a bag of Organic Fertilizer for Fruit Trees and ask no more. My passion to live a good life, an honorable and ethical life, had propelled me to start growing as much of my own food as possible. I knew that the three most im Moral Vegetarians 17 portant ecological actions that we can take as individuals are: refrain from having children, don’t drive a car, grow your own food. I wasn’t in contact with the leading cause of pregnancy; I was too poor to own a car; that left growing my food. If you have had depres sion, then you know how anything that makes you feel something is a miracle. I wrapped small seeds in moist cloth and two days later a tiny fnger, as tentative as hope, reached from each one. I spent long New England nights under a heavy weight of covers, rallying against the physical pain that never ended, only ebbed, and the depression that, like the cold, was everywhere and always hungry. All that protruded into the hostile air was my head and one hand, holding a seed catalog like a white fag signaling for mercy. Tings grew, climbed, bloomed, fruited, an inexorable and silent song of green, an endless circle of yearning that was so much bigger than me, my pain. I found solace in the garden and tiny moments of joy that appeared suddenly, wondrously, like the violets and bachelor’s buttons that volunteered every spring without any help from me. I discovered Organic Gardening magazine and, even better, that the library would let me check out the back issues. Did I really not know that beans couldn’t be transplanted, that snapdragons were annuals? With my spine, there could be no digging, no lifting, not much physical labor at all. I immediately searched out the garden techniques that were the most radical, the most sustain able. The realization that the rationale behind these techniques was really an indictment of annual grains—of agriculture itself—I left for another day. One tablespoon of soil contains more than one million living organisms, and, yes, every one of them is eating. I read that “[v]ery small animals are able to live a basi cally aquatic life in soil, in the water found attached to soil crumbs. I couldn’t photosynthesize—turn sun into mass— nor could I turn that mass back into carbon and minerals. But I had bet my whole moral system—and built my whole identity—on the idea that my life did not require death. The more I learned, the more questions I had to ignore if I wanted to save this ethical directive that claimed to be about facing the truth. But I was supposed to be one of the brave ones who refused to draw that line, who didn’t put humans above animals in a hierarchy, who reverenced the natural world and all capital-H Her creatures. Moral Vegetarians 19 But this only included the creatures that were like me in certain, very specifc ways. I saw that in tiny fashes, each new piece of infor mation fickering like a frefy. I kept turning instead toward what I knew, a rosary of statistics that was my penance and protection. I was on the side of righteousness, and like any fundamentalist, I could only stay there by avoiding information. So humic acid—creature of mystery, very much alive—breaks down plant compounds and stores them inside itself. When it gets the right signals from its ecosystem it recombines and releases the needed nutrients. Teir life processes—eating, excreting, tunneling, communi cating, exchanging—were what made the rest of the planet livable. They broke down dead matter from plants, animals, fungi, bacteria and made the constituent elements available for more life. Steven Stoll writes that topsoil “is a flter and a container, a mass of inte grated micro and macro matter, and a living substance that cannot be understood by reduction. Its fnal form contains so many members and symbiotic relationships that it constitutes, in the words of the soil scientist Nyle Brady, the ‘genesis of a natural body distinct from the parent materials from which the body was formed. But I was beg ging a million living creatures who had organized themselves into 20 The Vegetarian Myth mutual dependence millions of years ago. Synthetic fertilizer is what created the green revolution, with its 250 percent increase in crops. Besides the fact that nothing made from fossil fuels is sustainable—we can’t grow fossil fuel and it doesn’t re produce itself—synthetic fertilizers eventually destroy the soil. Of course, the irony is that either source of nitrogen, syn thetic or organic, comes from animals. So my choices—our choices, actually—were nitrogen from dead reptiles or from living ruminants. The list of ingredients glimmered and promised like the fruit of knowledge always does. The literal cost I had fnally come up against, the bottom line of the mineral cycle? It turned out I knew the woman who had owned the goats and she was a decent person. The tomato vines swallowed their trellises, then their bed, then developed designs on the driveway. It looked like the Land Tat Time Forgot outside my Moral Vegetarians 21 back window. I fed three households on the produce and still, some of the lettuce bolted before we got to it. This was not an antic ipatory hunger, the smell of dinner at the front door, a lover’s look of longing across a crowded room. He assumed I’d sympathize, that anyone with my politics would automatically be appalled. His eco-pure, non violent, plant-based diet was being violated by the forces of evil, of death. But I couldn’t walk away from my garden, from my attempts to not be a parasite on the planet. So while I closed the nutrient cycle, I had nowhere to go with the information I was using for that task. I could buy rock phosphate, decide that because it was “organic” I was doing the good, green thing and simply not think about it anymore. I was barely a mile from the Connecticut River, one of the southernmost habitats for Atlantic salmon, but there haven’t been anadramous fsh in the Connecticut since the river was dammed almost two hundred years ago, to power the mills. And then there was K, potassium, available in ash, bones, urine, manure and some cover crops. I could pretend I’d fnd a supply of ash— woodstoves being as ubiquitous as maple trees in western Massachusetts— and grow some cover crops, but I think by the time I got to K I was too intellectually exhausted to bother. Tere were fner points, all of them sharp and hungry, that I learned about growing fruit. I didn’t have fruit trees yet, but they were part of the mythic farm that waited in my mist-shrouded future. Would I fnish the sentence with an organic box from the feed store, laden with embodied energy and slaughterhouse dust? Or would I learn the grammar of my great-grandparents, and feed the trees with the bones of animals that lived beside me? He quotes a book called The Apple Culturist from 1871, recounting the story of an apple tree near the graves of Roger Williams, the founder of Rhode Island, and his wife Mary Sayles. The roots of the tree were found to have grown into the graves and as sumed the shape of human skeletons while “the graves [were] emptied of every particle of human dust. The standard narrative of Man the Hunter was repugnant to me, with its biological determinism, its celebration of dominance, violence, rape, death. The myth always ends with Man on top: of animals, women, the food chain, the planet. It may be a political reality, but there’s a name for it—patriarchy—and a solution—organized resistance. I rejected the assertion that hierarchy was inevitable, that the Cosmos had chosen humans as the pinnacle, that men had to be men. And I like to believe I’d have rejected this propaganda just as frmly if I were a man, though I know that the privileges of power make that less likely. At a groovy Earth Day gathering, a line of costumed dancers was supposed to represent the food chain, starting with plants and ending with humans. But it doesn’t end with us, I kept insist ing to anyone who’d listen, mostly my companions who got tired of hearing it. It’s a circle, and if it ends anywhere it’s with the degraders feeding the producers. But I couldn’t listen to that apple tree, speaking in slow, slow sign with its skeleton roots, saying: you are the exact shape of my hunger. Our animal bones, our human blood; we belong here too, if we’re willing to accept our place. We aren’t above, just one among many beings embraced by carbon that one day will let go. Tey’ll accept you— come to you for help and for cuddle sessions—and you’ll love them. Since sky burials are illegal, it’ll be in your will: scatter my ashes when it’s my turn, feed the berries and the apples. Would it have helped to hear that, or would the horror at what I would become—eater of meat, murderer—leave no room for blaze marks on the long, heavy path to grace? I want to tell myself: you will eat strawberries so full each one is an epiphany, every bite a commu nion, well beyond forgiveness and redemption. Tat is the only fruit worth eating, tart as well as sweet, plump with life that grows from death, that blooms and ripens in its season. The fruit tree gives me my food and I give back the seeds to nature so other trees can grow. Set aside for a moment that those seeds won’t produce edible apples: even if the fruitarian has a re ally big backyard, he would have run out of space long ago. But I keep coming back to this sentence because there is something in it that matters to the author, and it’s the thing that matters to me: relationship, and one of mutuality and re spect. The author clearly yearns for food—for a life—based on reciproc ity, not exploitation, and he believes that plants count as partners, as participants. He needs to know that he is giving back, part of a circle of exchange, instead of the one-way extraction that he identifes as death. This sentence embodies one of the impulses that is salutary in the vegetarian myth: the attempt to take humans down from our destruc tive perch as lords above and return us to our honest place in a circle. They need our excre Moral Vegetarians 25 ment—the nitrogen, the minerals, the microbes—and our fesh and bones. Tere is a reciprocal relationship between animals and plants: predator and prey, until the prey becomes predator. Since killing is the sacrilege in this moral system, he can’t acknowledge that in actuality he’s eating something alive. And there is a fnal ignorance in his misapprehension of the nature of apple trees. Tere is a relationship of reciprocity built into the human-apple exchange, but it’s not about humans planting their seeds. It’s about humans grafting, planting, and tending the trees and extending their territory. Domestication is not a concept that’s well understood by people who claim to be against it. I saw domestication as bringing animals and plants under human control and it was appalling to me, a short trajectory that ended in hens tormented in battery cages and primates brutalized in head injury experiments. Of course, my entire diet was composed of domesticates, with the exception of a serving or two of fddlehead ferns every spring, but they were plants, so I simply didn’t think about it. It was the animals I wanted to save from hu man exploitation, and in the vegan outlook, exploitation begins with domestication. I had a half gallon of hot water to haul through three feet of ice-slick snow so that my chickens would have something to drink. Water had dripped into the doorjamb the warm day before and then frozen the door shut in the night. Never mind the long task involving screw drivers, butter knives, and matches to unthaw the door. Somewhere between burning my palm and feeling a hideous blob of snow hit the back of my neck, I thought: I’ve had it backward all these years. By providing food—meat and eggs—and a whole constellation of other activities useful for farms. It’s a partnership, and one that worked out well for both parties until factory-farming. The genome of the jungle fowl took a chance on humans and it was a gamble that paid of. We have carried chickens all over the globe, extending their range beyond the wildest dreams of a broody jungle fowl mom, ready and willing to give all to her eggs. This is the main point of Michael Pollan’s marvelous book, The Botany of Desire: A Plant’s-Eye View of the World. We automatically think of domestication as something we do to other species, but it makes just as much sense to think of it as something that certain plants and animals have done to us, a clever evolutionary strategy for advancing their own interests. The species that have spent the last ten thousand or so years fguring out how best to feed, heal, clothe, intoxi cate, and otherwise delight us have made themselves some of nature’s greatest success stories. And the more canines helped humans, the more they tracked and chased and took down prey with us, the more food there was. Tere are two million named species of animals on the planet, and countless more awaiting identifcation. We changed them—asked them to be bigger, smaller, faster, gentler—and they changed us. Half of all humans now possess the lactose tolerance gene, the biological result of the bovine experiment on humans. And our whole way of life changed, from hunter-gatherers to horticulturalists and sedentary agriculturalists. Moral Vegetarians 27 Of 422,000 plant species, only a tiny percentage are domesti cates. Plants produce millions of chemicals to attract, repel, immobilize, or kill animals. And every so often in the evolutionary crapshoot, one of them throws the gene dice and beats the house, producing a perfect match with the pleasure centers in the human brain. Tat’s why it makes just as much sense to think of agriculture as something the grasses did to people as a way to conquer the trees. We think we do this human-only activity—changing plants and animals to suit our needs until they’re dependent on us. Do you think chameleons switch colors for fun, that fawns have spots and an instinct to lie perfectly still just because?
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Porphyrin levels and levels of other chemicals linked to this condition (often checked in the urine)
Porphyria
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Enlarging the flow from the right ventricle to the lungs
